a medical surgery in which a vagina is constructed (or reconstructed). A vaginoplasty may be performed on women for a multitude of reasons – including damage to the vagina, or for cosmetic/sexual reasons, but a vaginoplasty may be part of a bottom gender reassignment surgery for transgender and nonbinary individuals.

Controversially, vaginoplasties also take place on intersex children. Although some medical intervention may be needed to prevent or reduce future health problems (such as those related to urinary continence), vaginoplasties (and labiaplasties) are also used as part for cosmetic reasons on intersex children and adolescents without their informed consent, in the attempt to “normalise” their genitals (“corrective surgery“), raising human rights concerns.